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class="ui-draggable-handle ui-sortable-handle" style="width: 100%; right: auto; bottom: auto; opacity: 1;"> <div id="j8mqlb8" class="module-context" data-type="0" data-name="自定義欄目" data-value="0e140772-3f4d-4273-be13-cb29c466b0db" data-guid="25b9f688-32cc-0150-be72-3565ea99aabb" id="box_e0635738-535d-4741-b24a-6eff3eb6d054" style="width: 100%; display: block;"> <div id="o3b8cs3" class="module-view" style="width: 100%;"><div> <div id="bc7bwxp" class="news_content_head"> <div id="qwhch8v" class="news_content_title"> 廢紙造紙廢水處理技術(shù) </div> <div id="ll8tekp" class="news_content_date"> 發(fā)布時(shí)間 2020-11-16 </div> </div> <div id="ndozuje" class="news_content_text"> <p style="text-indent:21px;line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">廢紙造紙是以廢紙為主要原料生產(chǎn)紙張的造紙方式</span>, <span style="font-family:宋體">其生產(chǎn)設備投資少、工藝技術(shù)簡(jiǎn)單</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">與直接利用原生植物纖維原料制漿造紙相比</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">環(huán)境污染負荷相對較小</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">并能有效利用廢紙資源。隨著(zhù)廢紙制漿技術(shù)的不斷成熟</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">廢紙再生造紙已成為造紙行業(yè)發(fā)展的重要趨勢之一。由于廢紙中含有成分復雜的廢雜質(zhì)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">需要化學(xué)品制劑將其去除以完成制漿</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">加之抄紙過(guò)程中需添加施膠劑、滑石粉等制劑</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">致使廢紙再生造紙過(guò)程中排放大量含有毒有害污染物的廢水。針對廢紙造紙中廢水污染問(wèn)題</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">國內外已成功研發(fā)出一系列的處理技術(shù)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">為該類(lèi)廢水的有效治理奠定了基礎。</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">　　1<span style="font-family:宋體">　廢紙造紙中</span></span><a ><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:宋體">污水</span></span></a><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">的污染特性</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">　　廢紙再生造紙工藝大體分為制漿和抄紙兩大部分</span>, <span style="font-family:宋體">廢水排放主要來(lái)源于制漿部分的除渣、洗漿、漂洗等過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的大量洗滌廢水及含有纖維、填料和化學(xué)藥品的紙機白水。</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">　　1.1<span style="font-family:宋體">　廢水的污染成分</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">　　該種廢水中主要有</span>4 <span style="font-family:宋體">種污染物</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">:SS</span><span style="font-family:宋體">、</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">CODcr</span><span style="font-family:宋體">、</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">BOD5 </span><span style="font-family:宋體">和色度。</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">CODcr</span><span style="font-family:宋體">和</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">BOD5 </span><span style="font-family:宋體">主要來(lái)自廢水的木質(zhì)素、半纖維素</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">;</span><span style="font-family:宋體">細小纖維、無(wú)機填料等主要形成</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">SS;</span><span style="font-family:宋體">油墨、染料等形成色度及</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">CODcr </span><span style="font-family:宋體">。</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">　　1.2<span style="font-family:宋體">　廢水污染負荷的差異性</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">　　廢水中的</span>SS<span style="font-family:宋體">、</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">CODcr</span><span style="font-family:宋體">濃度較高</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, BOD5 </span><span style="font-family:宋體">值相對較低</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, BOD5 </span><span style="font-family:宋體">與</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">CODcr</span><span style="font-family:宋體">的比值一般為</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">0.15 </span><span style="font-family:宋體">—— </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">0.25;</span><span style="font-family:宋體">鑒于廢紙種類(lèi)、來(lái)源、處理工藝以及廢紙處理過(guò)程的技術(shù)裝備情況的不同</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">排放廢水的污染特性差異較大。</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">　　一般來(lái)說(shuō)</span>, <span style="font-family:宋體">無(wú)化學(xué)脫墨的制漿工藝所產(chǎn)生的廢水遠比化學(xué)脫墨車(chē)間廢水的污染負荷低</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">其廢水排放量及污染物</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">CODcr</span><span style="font-family:宋體">和</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">BOD5 </span><span style="font-family:宋體">排放量比有脫墨工藝的廢紙制漿過(guò)程要低很多</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">并且脫墨車(chē)間排出的廢水含有重金屬及印刷油墨中溶出的膠體性有毒物質(zhì)。不同的脫墨工藝產(chǎn)生廢水的污染特性不同</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">洗滌法脫墨與浮選法相比</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">其中</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">SS</span><span style="font-family:宋體">、</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">CODcr</span><span style="font-family:宋體">和</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">BOD5 </span><span style="font-family:宋體">濃度相對較低</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">但排放總量大</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">;</span><span style="font-family:宋體">對于同種脫墨方式而言</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">生產(chǎn)高檔紙與生產(chǎn)新聞紙相比</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">其所用脫墨漿產(chǎn)生的廢水中</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">SS</span><span style="font-family:宋體">、</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">CODcr</span><span style="font-family:宋體">和</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">BOD5 </span><span style="font-family:宋體">排放量要高。此外</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">,</span><span style="font-family:宋體">廢紙造紙技術(shù)的先進(jìn)性也是決定廢水污染負荷的重要因素</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">從物料綜合利用、企業(yè)管理、工藝設備改造等方面實(shí)施先進(jìn)方案的廢水污染負荷較低。</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">　　2<span style="font-family:宋體">　廢紙造紙廢水處理技術(shù)</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">　　一般廢紙造紙廢水的處理方法可分為物理法、化學(xué)法、物理化學(xué)法、生物法四類(lèi)。由于其水質(zhì)復雜</span>, <span style="font-family:宋體">通常采用將幾種處理方法結合在一起的多級綜合處理方法</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">即對于不同污染特性的廢水、在不同的處理階段</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">采取不同的處理技術(shù)。</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">　　2.1<span style="font-family:宋體">　廢水初級處理方法</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">　　針對廢水中含懸浮物較高的特點(diǎn)</span>, <span style="font-family:宋體">在處理廢水時(shí)優(yōu)先進(jìn)行初級處理</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">通常采用物理法</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">輔以化學(xué)法。下面兩種方法處理效果較好。</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">　　2.1.1<span style="font-family:宋體">　過(guò)濾</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">　　過(guò)濾法是*簡(jiǎn)單的去除細小纖維的方法</span>, <span style="font-family:宋體">而且對其他處理設施起到保護作用。過(guò)濾通常采用細篩網(wǎng)或微濾機</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">處理水量大時(shí)一般采用微濾機。由于過(guò)濾法不能去除油墨、溶解性物質(zhì)以及過(guò)于細小的懸浮物</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">所以只能作為預處理的手段。</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">　　2.1.2<span style="font-family:宋體">　超效氣浮</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">　　氣浮法是固</span>-<span style="font-family:宋體">液或液</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">-</span><span style="font-family:宋體">液分離的一種方法</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">其應用的關(guān)鍵是在水中通入或產(chǎn)生大量的微細氣泡。超效氣浮是氣浮凈化技術(shù)的重大突破</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">將原有的靜態(tài)進(jìn)水、動(dòng)態(tài)出水改為動(dòng)態(tài)進(jìn)水、靜態(tài)出水</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">改變了傳統推流式氣浮池的進(jìn)出水及污泥分離方式。實(shí)踐證明</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">超效氣浮對</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">SS</span><span style="font-family:宋體">的去除率能達到</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">90%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">以上</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">特別適合廢紙造紙廢水的預處理</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">對中等規模以上廢紙造紙生產(chǎn)廢水的預處理具有一定的優(yōu)越性。</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">　　根據廢水實(shí)際情況</span>, <span style="font-family:宋體">選擇適當的處理方法對廢水進(jìn)行初級處理后</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">可去除</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">80%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">左右的懸浮物和無(wú)機顆粒物</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">部分</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">CODcr</span><span style="font-family:宋體">和</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">BOD5 </span><span style="font-family:宋體">也被去除</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">大大減輕了后續處理工藝的負荷。</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">　　2.2<span style="font-family:宋體">　廢水深度處理</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">　　廢水初級處理不能達到排放標準</span>, <span style="font-family:宋體">且廢水中有機物濃度較高</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">根據出水水質(zhì)的要求必須進(jìn)一步的深度處理</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">通常以生化法和物化法為主</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">并輔以物理法、化學(xué)法。介紹幾種廢紙造紙廢水深度處理方法。</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">　　2.2.1<span style="font-family:宋體">　活性污泥法</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">　　活性污泥法是利用懸浮生長(cháng)的微生物絮體處理有機廢水的一類(lèi)好氧生物處理方法</span>, <span style="font-family:宋體">主要包括</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">A/O</span><span style="font-family:宋體">法、</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">SBR</span><span style="font-family:宋體">法、百樂(lè )克、選擇器活性污泥法、氧化溝等。</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">　　序批式間歇反應器</span>(SBR)<span style="font-family:宋體">是近些年開(kāi)發(fā)的活性污泥法工藝</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">該工藝通過(guò)程序化自動(dòng)控制充水、反應、沉淀、排水排泥和停置五個(gè)階段</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">實(shí)現對廢水的生化處理。</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">SBR</span><span style="font-family:宋體">處理流程簡(jiǎn)潔、控制靈活</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">可根據進(jìn)水水質(zhì)和出水水質(zhì)控制指標處理水量</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">改變運行周期及工藝處理方法</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">適應性很強</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">可實(shí)現高容積負荷</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">(6 </span><span style="font-family:宋體">—— </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">10 kgCODcr/m3 </span><span style="font-family:宋體">· </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">d)</span><span style="font-family:宋體">和高去除率</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">(CODcr</span><span style="font-family:宋體">去除率</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">80% </span><span style="font-family:宋體">—— </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">90%)</span><span style="font-family:宋體">。</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">　　2.2.2<span style="font-family:宋體">　生物接觸氧化</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">　　生物接觸氧化法是一種好氧生物膜法工藝</span>, <span style="font-family:宋體">其原理是在曝氣池中安裝固定填料</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">廢水在壓縮空氣的帶動(dòng)下</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">同填料上的生物膜不斷接觸</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">同時(shí)壓縮空氣提供氧氣。實(shí)踐證明</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">生物接觸氧化法能夠較好的處理廢水</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">尤其適合脫墨廢水的處理</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">但在實(shí)際應用當中其掛膜的效果和生物膜的優(yōu)劣直接決定處理效果。在處理廢水過(guò)程中</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">生物膜的活性厚度在</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">70 </span><span style="font-family:宋體">—— </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">100 </span><span style="font-family:宋體">μ</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">m</span><span style="font-family:宋體">之間</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">生物膜的活性較好</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">;</span><span style="font-family:宋體">在掛膜不同階段</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">對</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">CODcr</span><span style="font-family:宋體">的去除率有所不同</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">在掛膜前期去除率較低</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">在正常運行后</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">去除率穩定在較高水平</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">能夠達到</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">88%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">的去除率。</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">　　2.2.3<span style="font-family:宋體">　厭氧生物處理</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">　　厭氧生物處理不僅可以用于高濃度和中等濃度有機廢水的處理</span>, <span style="font-family:宋體">而且也適用于低濃度有機廢水的處理</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">其處理設備</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">UASB</span><span style="font-family:宋體">反應器在世界各國的造紙廢水處理得到廣泛應用</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">這種技術(shù)同樣適用于廢紙造紙廢水處理。</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">20</span><span style="font-family:宋體">世紀</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">90</span><span style="font-family:宋體">年代荷蘭</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">Paques</span><span style="font-family:宋體">公司的傳利技術(shù)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">IC</span><span style="font-family:宋體">反應器</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">(</span><span style="font-family:宋體">內循環(huán)厭氧反應器</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">)</span><span style="font-family:宋體">以其占地極少、體積小、效率高的優(yōu)點(diǎn)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">在造紙工業(yè)廢水處理中得到了有效應用。</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">　　2.2.4<span style="font-family:宋體">　混凝沉淀</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">　　混凝沉淀法是廢水處理技術(shù)中*常用的方法</span>,<span style="font-family:宋體">其基本原理是</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">:</span><span style="font-family:宋體">向廢水中投加混凝劑</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">使水中膠體狀懸浮顆粒、膠體和可絮凝的其他物質(zhì)失去穩定后</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">由于相互碰撞成為顆?；蛐鯛钗?/span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">從而易于從水中沉淀分離?；炷恋矸ㄌ幚韽U紙造紙廢水的效果取決于混凝過(guò)程的好壞?；炷齽┓N類(lèi)很多</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">一種是無(wú)機鹽類(lèi)混凝劑應用廣泛的為鋁鹽及鐵鹽</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">;</span><span style="font-family:宋體">另一種是有機高分子混凝劑</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">其中聚合氯化鋁應用效果較好。</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">　　實(shí)踐證明</span>, <span style="font-family:宋體">用混凝沉淀法處理廢紙造紙廢水</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">其</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">SS</span><span style="font-family:宋體">去除率可達</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">85% </span><span style="font-family:宋體">—— </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">98%, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">色度去除率可達</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">90%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">以上</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, CODcr</span><span style="font-family:宋體">去除率可達</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">60% </span><span style="font-family:宋體">—— </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">80%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">。由于混凝沉淀法不能去除分子質(zhì)量較低的</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">CODcr</span><span style="font-family:宋體">組分、難以實(shí)現對廢水的有效處理</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">因此</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">必須合理設計工藝</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">,</span><span style="font-family:宋體">輔以其他處理方法</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">例如</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">混凝沉淀</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">-</span><span style="font-family:宋體">化學(xué)氧化處理法、厭氧</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">-</span><span style="font-family:宋體">好氧生物處理法、混凝沉淀</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">-</span><span style="font-family:宋體">好氧處理法等。</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">　　2.2.5<span style="font-family:宋體">　納米</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">TiO2 </span><span style="font-family:宋體">光催化處理</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">　　納米</span>TiO2 <span style="font-family:宋體">在紫外光的照射下具有非常強的氧化能力</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">可以使絕大多數有機物直接降解</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">生成無(wú)毒無(wú)味的</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">CO2 </span><span style="font-family:宋體">、</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">H2 O</span><span style="font-family:宋體">及一些簡(jiǎn)單的無(wú)機物</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">達到一次性降解污染物的目的。研究表明</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, pH</span><span style="font-family:宋體">值是影響光催化的重要因素</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, TiO2 </span><span style="font-family:宋體">表面電荷受</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">pH</span><span style="font-family:宋體">影響很大</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">進(jìn)而影響對有機物的降解。在處理廢紙造紙脫墨廢水的時(shí)候</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, pH</span><span style="font-family:宋體">正好合適</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">可以直接進(jìn)行光催化氧化而不需要調節</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">pH, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">因此</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">納米</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">TiO2 </span><span style="font-family:宋體">光催化氧化對脫墨廢水深度處理有比較強的適用性。</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">　　廢紙造紙廢水深度處理的方法還有很多</span>, <span style="font-family:宋體">在實(shí)際當中造紙廠(chǎng)應根據實(shí)際選擇適宜的處理方法</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">使造紙廢水達標排放。</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">　　2.3<span style="font-family:宋體">　廢水處理中產(chǎn)生的固體排放物——污泥的處理</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">　　在廢紙造紙廢水處理后大部分被分離出的懸浮物轉化為大量污泥</span>, <span style="font-family:宋體">通常將來(lái)自初沉池內的污泥稱(chēng)為初級污泥</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">;</span><span style="font-family:宋體">來(lái)自生化處理中的污泥稱(chēng)為二級污泥</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">;</span><span style="font-family:宋體">若廢水經(jīng)混凝處理</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">還會(huì )產(chǎn)生含有混凝劑的化學(xué)污泥。</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">　　傳統的污泥處理方法主要為污泥脫水后農用和填埋焚燒</span>, <span style="font-family:宋體">前者受污泥脫水性差的制約應用起來(lái)比較困難</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">很容易形成二次污染</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">;</span><span style="font-family:宋體">后者的應用則應更加慎重</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">處理不當必會(huì )影響地下水和大氣環(huán)境</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">;</span><span style="font-family:宋體">并且</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">,</span><span style="font-family:宋體">在這兩種方法實(shí)施前要作必要的預處理</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">如濃縮、穩定、污泥調節等</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">其操作過(guò)程復雜、效率較低。超臨界水氧化技術(shù)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">(SCWO)</span><span style="font-family:宋體">是一種能完全徹底破壞有機物結構的深度氧化法</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">與其它傳統的方法相比</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">具有效率高、反應速度快的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。該技術(shù)以超臨界水作為化學(xué)反應介質(zhì)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">在超臨界條件下</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">只要存有足夠量的氧化劑</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">(H2O2 </span><span style="font-family:宋體">或空氣</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">)</span><span style="font-family:宋體">時(shí)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">能將制漿廢水中各種有機物進(jìn)行徹底處理</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">*終得到</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">CO2 </span><span style="font-family:宋體">、</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">N2 </span><span style="font-family:宋體">、</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">H2 O</span><span style="font-family:宋體">以及少量無(wú)機鹽。</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">　　研究表明</span>, <span style="font-family:宋體">超臨界水氧化法是有利于環(huán)保的污泥處理技術(shù)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">對于處理廢紙造紙廢水產(chǎn)生的污泥再在經(jīng)濟上十分可行。</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">　　3<span style="font-family:宋體">　廢紙造紙廢水零排放</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">　　有效應用各種廢水處理技術(shù)</span>, <span style="font-family:宋體">將其有機結合起來(lái)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">形成一套完備的處理工藝是解決廢水污染問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵。目前</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">在國家大力推進(jìn)節能減排工作的環(huán)保形勢下</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">針對廢水污染問(wèn)題</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">有關(guān)部門(mén)研發(fā)了廢紙造紙廢水“零排放”處理工藝。</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">　　由南京林業(yè)大學(xué)和常熟市富士萊包裝材料廠(chǎng)共同研發(fā)的</span>“動(dòng)態(tài)平衡短流程”的廢紙造紙零排放技術(shù)<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">其原理是加入紙機抄造系統中的各種生產(chǎn)原料和化學(xué)助劑中</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">有相當多的細小纖維、填料和助劑</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">會(huì )進(jìn)入到紙機抄造系統各段所排放出的廢水中去。在循環(huán)回用到某一時(shí)間、回用廢水的濃度提高到某一個(gè)水平后就會(huì )趨向穩定</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">只要將生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中的各段廢水按水量和水質(zhì)情況進(jìn)行統籌安排</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">不經(jīng)凈化處理并盡快循環(huán)回用</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">就可以有效實(shí)現廢紙制漿造紙過(guò)程中廢水的零排放</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">且不會(huì )對產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量產(chǎn)生明顯的影響。在實(shí)踐中</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">為防止造紙廢水發(fā)醇變臭</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">不利于把不經(jīng)過(guò)處理的廢水全部返回生產(chǎn)中回用</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">又壓減了造紙工藝過(guò)程</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">實(shí)現了廢紙造紙的“短流程”</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">為新鮮廢水循環(huán)使用創(chuàng )造了有力條件?！皠?dòng)態(tài)平衡短流程”的零排放清潔生產(chǎn)新技術(shù)與傳統的制漿造紙清潔生產(chǎn)技術(shù)相比</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">優(yōu)先突破了傳統制漿造紙清潔生產(chǎn)技術(shù)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">對制漿造紙廢水采用各種方法進(jìn)行處理</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">使水質(zhì)符合制漿造紙用水要求之后</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">再送回各道工序利用的習慣思維模式</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">提出了造紙廢水不加處理、分段回用到“短流程”中去的新觀(guān)念。同時(shí)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">在造紙紙機抄造系統中</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">加入與廢水蒸發(fā)量相當的新鮮水</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">為實(shí)現廢水“動(dòng)態(tài)平衡”奠定了基礎</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">不僅有效控制了廢水“零排放”</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">而且改善了紙機抄造系統的操作性和穩定性。</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">　　對于非脫墨廢紙造紙廢水處理相對于傳統造紙工藝以及含脫墨廢紙造紙廢水流程可以大為簡(jiǎn)化</span>,<span style="font-family:宋體">運行費用相對較低</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">出水水質(zhì)也大為改善。天津萬(wàn)利纖維薄膜有限公司下屬造紙廠(chǎng)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程沒(méi)有脫墨和漂白工序</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">該廠(chǎng)采用</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">UASB + SBR</span><span style="font-family:宋體">工藝</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">成功實(shí)現了零排放。其生產(chǎn)車(chē)間的固液分離沒(méi)有使用任何化學(xué)藥品</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">只是簡(jiǎn)單的物理分離。后續的生物處理系統中包括串聯(lián)的厭氧和好氧系統兩個(gè)部分</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">:</span><span style="font-family:宋體">厭氧反應器接受來(lái)自固液分離系統的部分出水</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">剩余的少量有機物在好氧階段去除。厭氧反應器是兩個(gè)總容積各為</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">750 m3 </span><span style="font-family:宋體">的上流式厭氧污泥床反應器</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">(UASB), </span><span style="font-family:宋體">好氧部分是兩個(gè)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">SBR</span><span style="font-family:宋體">反應器。</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">　　當然</span>, <span style="font-family:宋體">零排放技術(shù)有其適用條件</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">因各造紙廠(chǎng)生產(chǎn)設備、產(chǎn)品種類(lèi)、經(jīng)濟實(shí)力等方面的差異</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, </span><span style="font-family:宋體">這項技術(shù)的應用尚不能普及。</span></span></p><p style="line-height:24px;background:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">　　</span></p><p><br/></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li></div> </div> </div><div id="bteeu2d" class="container-fluid move-monitor" id="content-0af06c0b-02bb-400b-af88-7da53afc1407" data-guid="a66b40ab-5b65-498b-ba1d-d8d7a801ecae" value="4"> <div id="x3lsyo7" class="row"> <div id="ob33jzu" class="col-md-12 column ui-sortable" data-guid="1d9c0c34-4401-7ddc-226e-eeba2db45f40"><li data-even="15" class="ui-draggable-handle ui-sortable-handle" style="width: 100%; height: auto; right: auto; bottom: auto; opacity: 1;"> <div id="uhs8a3e" class="module-context" data-type="0" 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